After two years of decline, U.S. equity trading commissions reached $6.2bn.
Liquidnet agreed to pay a $5m civil penalty to resolve the SEC's charges.
The Spanish equity market achieved a 6% increase in trading volume and derivatives trading surged.
Academic research shows effects of fragmentation depend on the type of exchange competition.
Passive equity funds cornered the market with with £29.6bn of inflows while active funds shed £2.4bn.
Most traded stock in 2024 was SAP SE.
Share trading increased by 1.8% to a daily average of €2.9bn in 2024.
There was a 75% year-over-year increase in daily principal traded.
There is growing appetite for longer US trading hours amongst global investors.
